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<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">核电站事故有多危险？</SPAN></B><SPAN class=apple-style-span><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">它会发生什么类型的辐射照射？</SPAN></B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在反应堆的堆芯损坏事故中，包含核裂变产物的混合放射性物质会释放到外部。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">放射性铯和碘是危害身体健康的主要放射性核素。这些放射性核素对人员的照射，一方面来自于放射性烟云所致的低剂量外照射，另一方面来自通过吸入和食入受放射性物质污染的食物和水产生的内照射。此外，救援人员、第一响应者或核电厂工作人员也会受到较高剂量的职业外照射或内照射。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">放射性碘（<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>I-131</FONT></SPAN>）半衰期是<SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>8.3</FONT></SPAN>天。这就意味着，大约三个月后，几乎所有的放射性碘将衰变完而消失了。</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Cs-137</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">的半衰期约为<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>30</FONT></SPAN>年。根据沉降灰中放射性物质的总量，可能需要采取一些去污和必要的减少辐射措施（如农业，林业等）。</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">． </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">采取何种公众保护措施可减少这些辐射？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">预防或减少外照射的主要防护措施是疏散附近人口，掩护较远地区人口。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">摄取放射性碘会影响甲状腺，特别是对<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>0-18</FONT></SPAN>岁的人群。因此为防止放射性碘的内照射危害，应根据国家应急计划中的相关标准服用稳定性碘（<SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>KI</FONT></SPAN>）。如果发生放射性沉降，应禁止食用叶类蔬菜。本地产的牛奶和乳制品也应被禁止，而由进口产品及婴儿配方奶代替。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">国际上认可的<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>KI</FONT></SPAN>甲状腺阻断推荐剂量为<SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>50mSv</FONT></SPAN>。（《核或辐射应急准备》<SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>IAEA</FONT></SPAN>安全系列</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">No. GS-G-2.1</SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">，由<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>WHO</FONT></SPAN>共同主办。<SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>IAEA</FONT></SPAN>，维也纳（<SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>2007</FONT></SPAN>），<SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>P15</FONT></SPAN>）</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">碘片（<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5>KI</FONT></SPAN>）能防辐射吗？它是如何防辐射的？应该服用多少量？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">生理学上，人体碘的主要来源是甲状腺的吸收，甲状腺靠碘来产生甲状腺激素。KI是稳定性碘，它可以使甲状腺内的碘饱和从而阻止放射性碘的摄入。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">切尔诺贝利的经验表明，放射性碘是切尔诺贝利事故影响的主要因素，它导致超过5000个儿童甲状腺癌病例的发生，受照人群的年龄均在0-18岁之间。因此，碘化钾分配的首要对象是幼儿和怀孕妇女。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">碘片不能保护来自于体外的放射性和被身体吸收的除碘以外的放射性物质。这就是为什么碘甲状腺阻断在多数场合将与其它防护措施（如隐蔽待于室内、关闭门窗等）综合使用。<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">接触放射性碘可导致甲状腺癌显著增加，特别是幼儿。吸入和食入的放射性碘在甲状腺中蓄积。在暴露前预防性服用碘化钾，可防止甲状腺对放射性碘的吸收并降低甲状腺癌的长期风险。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">为了充分发挥稳定碘对碘甲状腺阻断效果的作用，需要在受照前或者受照后尽快服用稳定碘片。即使在事故后几小时，通过服用仍然可以阻止甲状腺对<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>50%</FONT></SPAN>碘的吸收。为了防止吸入放射性碘同位素，通常一片剂量的稳定碘就足够了，它可以起到<SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>24</FONT></SPAN>小时持续保护作用，在含放射性碘同位素的烟云来袭时对甲状腺起到了充分的保护作用。然而，在长期持续性释放状况下，则有可能出现重复照射的情况。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">再次强调，只有在暴露于放射性碘之前就服用碘化钾，才能起到最佳的保护作用。<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">4. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">哪里有碘化钾可用？世界卫生组织<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5>(WHO)</FONT></SPAN>是否有库存？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">各国政府负责在其国家库存碘化钾。预存碘化钾药片是对任何一个运营核电厂的要求，也是其应急方案的重要组成部分。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">世界卫生组织<SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT size=5><FONT face=仿宋_GB2312>没有库存。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">5. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">这次事件是否会影响日本以外的人员？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">这将取决于气象条件和放射性物质的释放量（风向、风速和降雨等）。在多数情况下，基于我们目前所掌握的信息，它是不可能对邻国造成重大影响的。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">6. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">撤离多远才是安全的？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在通常情况下，首要任务是限制辐射暴露的发生。主要通过疏散或隐蔽受影响人口，来减少放射性烟云沉降的影响。根据大气中放射性物质的释放量和当时的气象条件<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><FONT size=5><SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN><SPAN style="BACKGROUND: white">例如风向和降水</SPAN></FONT>等<SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>),</FONT></SPAN>并依据爆炸的中心范围，国家将会确定在多大半径范围内应采取紧急隐蔽防护措施。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">7. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">世界卫生组织</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">在核应急中承担什么角色？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">在联合国里，国际原子能机构（<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>IAEA</FONT></SPAN>）是国际核事故的应急协调领导机构。这在<SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>2010</FONT></SPAN>年国际组织联合响应核应急合作计划里有明确规定。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">根据现行的职责划分，</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">世界卫生组织</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">负责核应急情况下涉及公众健康行为干预中的健康效应评估和提供技术咨询、建议或帮助（在被请求或允许提供帮助的情况下）。<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">8. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">辐射应急医学响应和援助网络（<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5>REMPAN</FONT></SPAN>）是什么？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">REMPAN</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">是由世界卫生组织建立的包括辐射应急医学、剂量学、公众健康干预、长期监护和随访等专业在内的<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>40</FONT></SPAN>多个机构组成的全球网络。它为世界卫生组织应对辐射应急准备与响应的提供技术支撑。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">9. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">核电站会完全炸毁吗？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">据日本当局报道，爆炸发生在反应堆压力容器的外面，辐射水平在持续下降。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">10. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">如何进行自我保护？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">首先避免恐慌，及时收听广播或收看电视，按照政府的指示行动。在可能有放射性污染存在的情况下，待在室内。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">碘片的服用要根据政府的指示，只有政府在评估事故状态以后才能决定是否需要服用碘片。不能仅凭个人主观臆断或因恐惧而擅自服用。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">11. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">与怀孕有关的风险有哪些？应该怎样降低这些风险？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">由于碘片具有阻断甲状腺碘吸收的作用，对怀孕妇女服用碘片要给予特别的关注。首先，孕妇甲状腺摄取放射性碘的几率较普通成人要高，其次，胎儿的甲状腺应给予保护，特别是在怀孕后的第二、第三孕期。然而，除此以外，在当前情况下并没有特别的医学理由表明要避免怀孕。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">12. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">我需要服碘片吗？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">见问题<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=5>3</FONT></SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">13. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">这些烟云能飘浮多远<SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5><FONT face=仿宋_GB2312>?<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">这个是很难预测的。它取决于风速和其它气象条件。<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">14.</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">释放的放射性物质会造成多大的辐射剂量，它对健康有哪些不利影响呢？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">取决于释放的放射性物质总量，公众受到的剂量可能会在较低甚至很低水平的范围。世界人均天然辐射本底剂量是<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5>2.4mSv/</FONT></SPAN>年，地区差异造成各地区的值会有所不同，例如在伊朗、印度一些地方高达<SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5>200mSv</FONT></SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">当全身照射剂量大于<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5>1Gy</FONT></SPAN>时，会出现急性放射性病等健康效应。然而，对于核电站事故中释放的放射性落下灰，大量的放射性烟云经过长距离的输运后，是不大可能出现如此高剂量照射的情况。<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">15. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">剂量与远期效益有什么联系？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">暴露于电离辐射可能会增加患癌症的风险。通过对原子弹爆炸幸存者、接受放射诊疗的病人、职业受照人群以及前苏联切尔诺贝利核事故受照人群的辐射流行病学研究表明，在全身辐射剂量低于<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5>100mSv</FONT></SPAN>时，未发现明显的辐射致癌效益。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">在对日本原子弹爆炸幸存者的调查研究表明，在遭受辐射后数年里，患白血病的风险增加，在<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5>10</FONT></SPAN>年后患癌症的风险增加。在核事故情况下，如果放射性碘沉积在甲状腺中，它会导致甲状腺局部剂量效应，而不是全身效应。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">切尔诺贝利</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">核事故的经验教训表明，放射性碘是最大的影响因素，该事故造成年龄在<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5>0-18</FONT></SPAN>周岁的儿童爆发甲状腺癌病例超过了<SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5>5000</FONT></SPAN>例。切尔诺贝利核事故的最大影响之一就是心理影响。这主要是缺乏风险沟通机制所导致的。因此，在核应急状态下，建立一个良好的公众交流机制非常重要。<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32.15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">16. </SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">低于多少剂量可以认为对健康没有影响？<SPAN lang=EN-GB><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<DIV class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">流行病学统计研究表明，当剂量低于<FONT face=仿宋_GB2312><SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5>100mSv</FONT></SPAN>时导致癌症的风险没有明显增加。然而，电离辐射的线性无阈模型是辐射防护的基础。这就意味着，理论上任何剂量的电离辐射均可导致一定的生物学效应，但是这种效应还无法在人类身上进行验证。因此，我们无法说那个剂量水平就是绝对的零风险。在电离辐射防护中应尽可能遵循防护水平最优化原则（<SPAN lang=EN-GB><FONT size=5>ALARA</FONT></SPAN>原则）。</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 32pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">（来源：世界卫生组织 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">英文原文：<A href="http://www.who.int/hac/crises/jpn/faqs_2/en/index.html"><FONT face=仿宋_GB2312 color=#0000ff size=5>http://www.who.int/hac/crises/jpn/faqs_2/en/index.html</FONT></A></SPAN>）</SPAN></DIV></FONT></SPAN> |
